Systems and methods for monitoring and controlling water consumption

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for monitoring and controlling water consumption in a water-based system are disclosed using one or more sensors for generating signals indicative of the operation thereof. One or more interface modules are provided as breaker circuits for receiving the generated signals, and a fluid control device is operable for limiting the water consumption. A motherboard receives the interface modules and provides communication therebetween for information processing. Signals from the various sensors are supplied to a controller, which provides signals to status indicators, and also operates to provide alarm signals via network interfaces to remote locations. In an alternate embodiment, a water monitoring system is designed to shut off the water supply to the water device and to shut off either the electrical supply or the gas supply to the heating unit of the water device in response to sensing a malfunction through one or more sensed parameters.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility applicationSer. No. 10/668,897, filed Sep. 23, 2003, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 10/252,350,filed Sep. 23, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,766,835, issued Jul. 27, 2004,the contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to fluid consumption systems in the homeand commercial environments. More particularly, the invention relates toautomated controls and monitoring of fluid-based systems employingmethods and systems for detecting, communicating, and preventingoperational failures.

2. Description of the Related Art

There are various water-consuming fixtures, appliances, and systems inboth residential and commercial installations. Typical water-basedsystems include sinks, toilets, dishwashers, washing machines, waterheaters, lawn sprinklers, swimming pools and the like. For example, hotwater tanks include a heating element located at the bottom of the tank,with a hot water outlet pipe and a make-up water inlet pipe connectedthrough the top of the tank. In water tanks a thermostat is generallyincluded for setting the desired temperature of the hot water withdrawnfrom the tank, and typically a blow-out outlet is connected through apressure relief valve to allow hot air, steam and hot water to beremoved from the tank through the relief valve when the pressure exceedsthe setting of the relief valve. The relief valve may be periodicallyoperated for relatively short intervals during the normal operation ofthe hot water tank. This allows bubbling steam and water to pass throughthe relief valve for discharge. Once the pressure drops below thesetting of the relief valve, it turns off and normal operation of thehot water tank resumes.

After a period of time, however, mineral deposit buildup and corrosionfrequently take place in relief valves and the like, as a result ofthese periodic operations. In time, such corrosion or scale build up mayimpair operation. When this occurs, the possibility of a catastrophicfailure exists. In addition to the possibility of high pressureexplosions taking place in water tanks, other conditions can also leadto significant damage to the surrounding structure. As hot water tanksage, frequently they develop leaks, or leaks develop in the water inletpipe or hot water outlet pipe to the tank. If such leaks go undetected,water damage from the leak to the surrounding building structureresults.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,022 to Franklin discloses a sensor system, utilizedin conjunction with hot water tanks designed to shut off the watersupply in response to the detection of water leaks. In addition, theFranklin patent includes multiple parallel-operated sensors, operatingthrough an electronic control system, to either turn off the main watersupply or individual water supplies to different appliances, such as thehot water heater tank.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,154,248 to Fulton discloses a temperature control reliefvalve operating in conjunction with an over heating/pressure reliefsensor to remove or disconnect the heat source from a hot water tankwhen excess temperature is sensed. The temperature sensor of U.S. Pat.No. 4,381,075 to Cargill et al. is designed to be either the primarycontrol or a backup control with the pressure relief valve. Three otherU.S. patents, to Lenoir, U.S. Pat. No. 5,632,302; Salvucci, U.S. Pat.No. 6,084,520; and Zeke, U.S. Pat. No. 6,276,309, all disclose safetysystems for use in conjunction with a hot water tank. The systems ofthese patents all include sensors which operate in response to leakedwater to close the water supply valve to the hot water tank. The systemsdisclosed in the Salvucci and Zeke patents also employ the sensing ofleaked water to shut off either the gas supply or the electrical supplyto the hot water tank, thereby removing the heat source as well as thesupply water to the hot water tank. U.S. Pat. No. 3,961,156 to Pattonutilizes sensing of the operation of the standard pressure relief valveof a hot water tank to also operate a microswitch to break the circuitto the heating element of the hot water tank.

While the various systems disclosed in the prior art patents discussedabove function to sense potential malfunctioning of a hot water tank toeither turn off the water supply, the energy supply, or both, to preventfurther damage, none of the systems disclosed in these patents aredirected to a safety system for monitoring potentially damaging pressureincreases in the hot water tank in the event that the pressure reliefvalve malfunctions. This potential condition, however, is one which iscapable of producing catastrophic damage to the structure in thevicinity of the hot water tank.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,347 to Barron shows a water monitoring system withminimal expansion and protection capabilities. The input and outputs(I/O) offered by the system limit the number of water appliancesindividually protected. The Barron device was designed such that anormal installation would use a single control unit. The number andtypes of inputs suggest it was designed primarily to protect a singlewater heater, and to act as an external control unit for an airconditioner. A number of auxiliary devices could be protected using anauxiliary water sensor input. Outputs provide for control of a hot watersolenoid, a cold water solenoid, three alarm signals for externalbuzzers or bells and an optional external air conditioner control unit.This requires that the unit control be a single standard 24 vac watercontrol valve for the main hot water in feed and the main cold water infeed line. Thus, it can cut off the power to the unit that tripped thealarm. No matter which sensor is triggered, it appears that the unit canonly cut off the main water in feed line(s) to the home and can onlyremove power from the unit plugged into it. However, the unit does nothave a one-to-one correspondence between a sensor and a control valve.The valve control outputs are wired such that if any one of the unitssense a water leak, it could close the valves.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following summary sets forth certain example embodiments of theinvention described in greater detail below. It does not set forth allsuch embodiments and should in no way be construed as limiting of theinvention.

Embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods of monitoringand controlling fluid-based (e.g., water-based) systems in the home orcommercial business. These include, for example, water heater, sinks,toilets, dishwashers and clothes washer, swimming pool and lawnsprinklers.

Embodiments of the invention provide a monitoring and control systemwhich overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art, which is capable ofmonitoring one or more parameters of fluid-based systems (e.g., waterconsumption parameters), which may be installed with an after-market addon, or which may be incorporated into original equipment, and whichfurther includes the capability of remote monitoring of branches orareas of the fluid-based systems. Moreover, embodiments relate to animproved water sensor unit wherein a plurality of water-relatedappliances or equipment can be simultaneously monitored and, in theevent of sensing water with respect to any one of the several itemsbeing monitored, appropriate action is taken, such as shutting off thepower to the unit and simultaneously shutting off the water supply tothat particular unit.

In an embodiment, the invention includes a system in which one or moreelectrical circuit interface modules communicate with a motherboard. Themotherboard and each interface module “protects” a branch or area of thehome or business from water/liquid based overloads or malfunctions.

Systems and methods herein involve one or more sensors in a fluid-basedsystem for generating signals indicative of the operation thereof. Oneor more interface modules are provided as breaker circuits for receivingthe generated signals, and a fluid control device (e.g., a controlvalve) is operable for limiting or otherwise regulating the fluidconsumption. A motherboard receives the interface modules and providescommunication therebetween for information processing. Signals from thevarious sensors are supplied to a controller, which provides signals tostatus indicators, and also operates to provide alarm signals vianetwork interfaces to remote locations and to operate an alarm. Thecontroller provides control signals to the interface modules, which inturn provide signals to the fluid control devices.

Interface modules can operate with direct wire connection to one or morevalves and sensors. Individual interface modules can also transmit orreceive wireless data, between the valve and sensor directly to theinterface module. Similarly, interface modules can communicate with thecontroller via wire connections or wirelessly. The interface modules canalso be operated in a timed mode or sensor mode.

In other embodiments, the system can be connected to a local areanetwork (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) such as the World Wide Web,which enables users to configure, monitor, or otherwise control thesystem and the fluid-based systems and devices interfaced therewith.

The system can be configured to automatically cycle devices on aperiodic or ad hoc basis. For instance, at a predetermined time,normally closed valves can be opened and then closed. In addition, thesystem can be configured to monitor and take action when sensedconditions indicate the possibility of multiple failure points in afluid-based system.

In another embodiment, the system interfaces with other systems ordevices of a building, such as the heating and/or cooling system and/orhot water tank(s) of a building. Based on detected water flow incomponent(s) of the water-based system, the system controls those othersystems or devices. For instance, if no or negligible water movement hasbeen detected within a predetermined time period, the heat is turnedoff, thus conserving energy and reducing energy costs.

In another embodiment, the system is configured to individually monitorand control the water supply to multiple units in a structure, such asan apartment building. Accordingly, the water supply can be shut offwhen particular tenants vacate or are delinquent, and water leaks can becontained within particular unit(s) without disrupting service to otherunits.

Embodiments herein also provide a water monitoring system which turnsoff the water supply and the energy supply to a water appliance orsystem upon the sensing of one or more parameters of operation of thewater appliance or system. Further, embodiments provide a monitoringsystem for sensing excess pressure in a water appliance or system toshut off the water supply to the appliance or system and to shut off theenergy supply to it.

Other embodiments provide a monitoring system including a pressuresensor located to sense the pressure variations of the water applianceor system without water flow through the pressure sensor to provide anoutput for shutting off the water supply and/or the energy supply to theheating unit of the water appliance or system when excess pressure issensed.

In an alternate embodiment, a monitoring system is designed to shut offthe water supply to a water appliance or system and to shut off eitherthe electrical supply or the gas supply to the heating unit of the waterappliance or system in response to sensing a malfunction of one or moreof a number of different sensed parameters. These parameters can besensed by devices including a water leak detector located beneath thewater appliance, a water level float sensor, a temperature sensor tosense excess temperature, and a pressure sensor located in line.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a monitoring systemhaving an input water supply, an output water line and a source of heatenergy is provided. The system includes a pressure sensor connected tosense the pressure inside the appliance or system and provide an outputsignal when the sensed pressure exceeds a predetermined threshold.Additional sensors also may be provided to respond to one or moreadditional operating parameters of the appliance or system, includingexcess temperature, water level, and water leaks to provide additionaloutput signals whenever a sensed parameter reaches a predeterminedthreshold. A valve is located in the input water supply. A control fordisconnecting the source of heat energy from the water appliance orsystem is also provided. A controller is coupled to receive outputsignals from the pressure sensor and the additional parameter sensors,if any, and operates in response to an output signal from a sensor toclose the valve in the water supply line, and to cause the source ofheat energy to be disconnected from the water appliance or system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for monitoring and controlling afluid-based system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a detail of a portion of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A.

FIGS. 3A and 3B together comprise a more detailed circuit block diagramof the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing circuitry for an interface modulefor the embodiment shown in FIG. 1B, providing breaker circuitry thatmonitors and controls water consumption in accordance with theinvention.

FIG. 5 shows a motherboard including master-slave microcontrollers.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D show eight (8) additional slave microcontrollersprovided on the motherboard of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing alarm enunciation devices used forindicating alarm conditions and the like.

FIGS. 8 and 9 show power and battery backup circuitry, respectively, forthe monitoring and controlling circuitry of the described system.

FIG. 10 shows the interface module “breaker” housing for the circuitryof FIG. 4, providing breaker circuitry that monitors and controls waterconsumption in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 11 shows the panel housing for the motherboard of FIG. 5 to receivea plurality of interface modules.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of a process according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a process according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a main controller for monitoring andcontrolling fluid consumption according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 15-31 are schematic diagrams showing example implementations ofvarious blocks of the main controller of FIG. 14.

FIGS. 32-36 are schematic diagrams showing an example implementation ofan interface module according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 37-42 are schematic diagrams showing an example implementation ofan interface module according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 43 and 44 show various views of an example panel housing for amotherboard.

FIG. 45 shows a perspective view of an example housing for a remoteinterface module.

FIGS. 46A and 46B show systems involving a climate control unitaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 47 shows an example installation of an interface module accordingto an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 48 shows a system incorporating multiple installations like that ofFIG. 47 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 49 shows a front view of an example of a panel housing for anexpansion (slave) motherboard.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference now should be made to the drawings, in which the samereference numbers are used throughout the different figures to designatethe same or similar components. As used herein, the term water-basedsystem denotes a system that involves components, devices, and/orsystems that facilitate the flow of water, such as plumbing components,devices, and/or systems. Although some of the below examples relate tosystems involving water, it is to be appreciated that embodiments of theinvention are not limited in their application to systems involvingwater, and can be implemented in settings that involve one or more kindsof fluids. Moreover, various embodiments below can be integrated intolarger systems that perform useful operations in addition to monitoringand controlling systems involving water and/or other fluids.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system 200 for monitoring and controllinga fluid-based system according to an embodiment of the invention. Thearchitecture of the system 200 includes two basic circuit modules. Thefirst module is an interface module 220 (breaker). The second module isa motherboard 210, which acts as a main controller.

Each interface module 220 is connected to a respective sensor and/orcontrol valve of an object (e.g., an appliance, a pipe, etc.) in thefluid-based system. As such, each interface module 220 can receive, asan input, sensor information indicative of system conditions and/orsend, as an output, control information to, for example, open or close avalve.

In the system 200, multiple interface modules 220 are connected to themotherboard 210. In an embodiment, each interface module 220 plugs intothe motherboard 210. The motherboard 210 receives sensor informationprovided by the interface modules 220. The motherboard 210 sends controlinformation to an interface module 220.

The motherboard 210 and/or interface modules 220 are programmed to takeappropriate actions in response to sensed conditions and user inputs.The motherboard 210 can communicate over one or more networks, such as aLAN, WAN, intranet, or internet. The dashed box in FIG. 1 signifies thatthe motherboard 210 and interface modules 220 can be, but are notnecessarily, located in close proximity to one another, such as within apanel housing.

The system 200 can include one or more remote interface modules 250.Each remote interface module 250 is a stand-alone module connected to arespective sensor and/or control valve, and can receive sensorinformation and send control information as described above. Each remoteinterface module 250 wirelessly communicates with the motherboard 210,which includes a receiver/transmitter 230 and an antenna 240. As such,sensor information and/or control information can be exchanged between aremote interface module 250 and the motherboard 210.

In an embodiment, an interface module 220 and a remote interface module250 are interchangeable units that operate in dual modes (plug-in orstand-alone). In another embodiment, the interface module 220 and remoteinterface module 250 have some common circuitry, but are distinct units.Power for interface modules 220 can be provided by power supplies of themotherboard 210 or by another suitable power source. Power for remoteinterface modules 250 can be provided by a wall outlet, batteries, oranother suitable power source.

Examples of alarm conditions that can be detected in the system 200include: an interface module sensor has been tripped (i.e., the sensoris active); an RF transmitter of an interface module has a low battery;a loss of communication with an RF transmitter has occurred; a loss ofcommunication with a slave panel has occurred; a loss of communicationwith an interface module has occurred; the main supply valve is active;and a valve solenoid error has occurred.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are block diagrams of water monitoring systems providingcomprehensive monitoring of various alarm conditions representative ofmalfunctioning parameters in water-based systems and the like accordingto embodiments of the invention. In particular, the system of FIG. 1Aoperates in response to a water appliance or system malfunction to turnoff the input water supply and to disconnect the energy source supplyingheat to the water appliance or system when such a malfunction occurs.

In the monitoring system shown in FIG. 1A, a hot water tank 10, whichmay be of any conventional type, is illustrated. The hot water tank 10may be heated either by a gas supply or an electric supply. The systemoperates in the same manner, irrespective of which type of heat sourceis employed for the hot water tank 10. Inlet or make-up water for thehot water tank 10 is supplied through an inlet supply pipe 12 through anelectrically operated valve 14, from a water inlet pipe 16. The heatingenergy is supplied, either through a gas pipe or through electricallines 18, through a gas shut-off valve 20 (or alternatively, an electricpower switch 20), with gas/electric power input being supplied through agas pipe 22 (or suitable electrical leads).

Hot water produced by the tank is supplied to a water output pipe 24 ina conventional manner. The final portions of the hot water tank systeminclude a blow-out pipe or outlet 26, which is connected to aconventional pressure relief valve 28, designed to relieve pressure inthe tank 10 when the internal tank pressure exceeds a predeterminedamount. Such a blow-out outlet 26 and relief valve 28 are conventional.

In the remainder of the system shown in FIG. 1A, various parametersensors are connected to a central controller 30 for providing indiciarepresentative of the operating condition of the water tank, and forsensing different parameters of the operation of the water tank 10. Ifthe parameters either exceed some pre-established threshold or indicatea condition which is indicative of a failure of the hot water tank 10, asignal is sent to the controller 30, which then operates to provideoutputs indicative of the status of the water tank operation, and, inaddition, operates to turn off the water supply to the tank and turn offthe source of heat energy to the tank 10.

As indicated in FIG. 1A, one of the parameter sensors is a water leakdetector 32. This is indicated diagrammatically in FIG. 1, with a pairof contacts shown located beneath the water tank 10. A suitablecontainer (not shown) to catch water leaks from the water tank 10 andthe pipes 12 and 24 may be provided. When the water level becomessufficient to bridge the contacts which are shown extending from theleak sensor 32, it provides a signal to the controller 30 indicativethat a leak, either from the water tank 10 itself or from the supplypipe 12 or the water outlet pipe 24, in the vicinity of the hot watertank 10, has occurred. The signal sent to the controller 30 then isprocessed to place the system in its alarm and safety shut down mode.Also shown in FIG. 1A is a float sensor 34 to provide an indication thatthe water level within the tank 10 has dropped below a safe level. Theoutput from the float sensor 34 is supplied to the controller 30 tocause it to operate in a manner similar to the response to the leaksensor 32.

In addition to the generally conventional leak sensor 32 and floatsensor 34, the hot water tank system shown in FIG. 1A has been modifiedin the region of the connection to the hot water tank at 26 for thepressure relief valve 28 to employ two additional branches to senseparameters at the blow-out outlet 26. One of these is to sensetemperature through a branch or leg 40 coupled with the pipe 28. Atemperature sensor 36 is provided in the branch 40. A pressure sensor 38is coupled through a branch or leg 42 to the blow-out relief valve line26. The outputs of the temperature sensor 36 and the pressure sensor 38also are supplied to the controller 30, as indicative of a temperatureexceeding a safe operating temperature (as determined by themanufacturer of the hot water tank 10) and by sensing through thepressure sensor 38 a pressure in excess of a safe threshold (again,determined by the manufacturer of the hot water tank 10) to supplysignals to the controller 30. Thus, the sensors 32, 34, 36 and 38 allsupply 8 independent malfunction signals, depending upon the parameterbeing sensed, to the controller 30 to cause it to operate whenever oneof the hot water tank malfunctions occurs.

Ideally, the pressure sensor 38 is selected to provide a signal to thecontroller 30 at a pressure slightly above the pressure which normallywould operate the relief valve 28 for the hot water tank 10. Thus, thesafety system operates prior to a condition which causes the reliefvalve 28 to operate.

The controller 30 is supplied with operating power from a suitable powersupply 52, supplied with input from an alternating current input 50. Thepower supply 52 is shown in FIG. 1A as supplying positive and negativeDC power over lines 54 and 56, respectively. It should be noted,however, that DC power levels at other voltage levels also may beobtained from the power supply 52 for operating various electroniccircuits and sub-circuits through the controller 30. Operating poweralso is supplied, as indicated in FIG. 1A, over the positive DC powerlead 54 to an LED status indicator 60. The LED status indicator 60 hasat least two output status lights in the form of LED lamps 62 and 64located in a convenient location for a home owner or maintenance personto obtain a quick visual check of the status of the hot water heater 10.Under normal conditions, with no outputs from any of the sensors 32, 34,36 and 38, the controller 30 sends a signal to the LED status indicator60 to illuminate a green LED light 62. In the event that anyone or moreof the sensors should supply an alarm signal to the controller 30, asignal is sent from the controller 30 to the LED status indicator 60 toturn off the green LED 62 and to illuminate a red LED 64. This indicatesto a person checking on the water heater 10, either at the location ofthe water heater 10 or at a remote location where the LED statusindicator 60 may be located, the operating condition of the water heater10.

If an alarm condition occurs, the controller 30 also sends signals tothe electric shut-off valve 14 to turn off the water supply through theinlet pipe 16, and a signal to the gas/electric shut-off valve switch 20to turn off the supply of gas or electricity to the heating element ofthe water heater 10. Consequently, no water is supplied to the watertank 10 and the source of heat is removed, thereby establishing as safeas possible a condition for the environment around the hot water heater10 whenever an alarm condition exists.

At the same time, the controller 30 also may operate one or more alarms66, which may be local or remote audible or visual alarms, and inaddition, may provide, by way of a modem 68 to phone jacks 70, anautomatically dialed alarm signal to a pre-established connection. Inthis manner, it is possible for a person at a remote location to have acall forwarded from the controller 30 indicative of the presence of shutdown of the hot water tank 10 coupled with a message indicative ofeither an alarm condition in general, or a specific message tailored tothe particular alarm condition which was sensed by the controller 30 inresponse to the one or more of the sensors 32, 34, 36 and 38 whichcreated the alarm in the first place.

FIG. 2 is directed to a diagrammatic indication of a modification of theconnections to a standard hot water heater, which are employed forproviding inputs to the temperature sensor 36 and the pressure sensor 38in a manner which are not subject to the corrosive effects of water flowin the blow-out pipe 36. As mentioned previously, the pressure reliefvalve 28 of most hot water tanks undergoes periodic operation during thecourse of the operation of the hot water tanks 10. This particularly mayoccur when the hot water tank 10 becomes aged. In any event, whenrepeated discharge occurs of bubbling water and steam of sufficientpressure to open the pressure relief valve 28, the hard water, scale andother corrosive effects of the water flow through the pressure reliefvalve 28 over a period of time may cause the relief valve 28 to becomesufficiently corroded or clogged, as described previously, so that itmay not work; or it may require pressure in excess of the designedpressure to operate it. To safely and repeatedly, if necessary, senseexcess pressure without subjecting the pressure sensor to the corrosiveeffects of escaping water or steam, the pipe 26 supplying a connectionto the relief valve 28 is fabricated with a generally “X” shapedcoupler, as shown in FIG. 2. The coupler includes the portion 26 whichis connected to the blow-out outlet of the hot water heater. Theblow-out relief valve 28 is screwed into the opposite end in a normalmanner.

On opposite sides of the pipe 26 and extending outwardly at a 90° angleto the central axis between the outlet 26 and the blow-out relief valve28, are a pair of outlets 40 and 42. The outlet 40 has a temperaturesensor element 36A threaded onto it which includes a bimetallicoperator. This bimetallic operator normally is not in contact with theelectrical inlet leads of the sensor 36A. When temperature in excess ofwhat is considered to be a safe amount by the manufacturer of the hotwater tank 10 is reached, the bimetallic element in the temperaturesensor 36A pops or is moved to the left, as viewed in FIG. 2, to bridgethe electrical contacts and to provide an output warning signal ofexcess temperature to the controller 30 for operating the system asdescribed previously. It should be noted that once the temperaturesensor 36A has been operated by an excess temperature, it typically mustbe replaced with a new sensor, since the bimetallic element has beenmoved from the position shown in FIG. 2 to an operating position,described previously. Generally, such sensors are not re-settable.

On the right-hand side of the fitting shown in FIG. 2 is a pressuresensor 38. The pressure sensor element 38A is threaded onto or otherwisesecured to the arm 42 of the fitting shown in FIG. 2. The sensor 38Aincludes a pressure activated plunger which is indicated asspring-loaded toward the left of the sensor 38A shown in FIG. 2. Whenpressure in excess of the designed 12 parameters of the pressure sensor38A is reached, the pressure within the pipe 26/42 forces the sealeddiaphragm of the sensor element 38A toward the right to bridge theelectrical contact shown to then provide an output signal to thecontroller 30. When the excess pressure condition terminates, theelement 38A returns to the position shown in FIG. 2, and the alarmindication is removed.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are a diagrammatic circuit diagram of themicrocontroller 30 and various other connections to that microcontrollerfor responding to the various sensed parameters which are shown in theblock diagram of FIG. 1A. The microcontroller 30 is supplied with powerfrom the power supply 52, as indicated previously. The power supply 52includes, for example, 24 VDC, 24 VAC, and/or some or all of thedifferent voltages shown in FIG. 3A, namely +12 VDC, −12 VDC, +3.3 VDC,and +5 VDC. These are typical operating voltages for various integratedcircuits and are employed in an embodiment of the invention to operatethe different sensors 32, 34, 36 and 38, as well as other elements ofthe system. Some of these voltages are supplied through themicrocontroller 30, and others are obtained directly from the powersupply 52. The manner in which this is done is conventional, and forthat reason, all of the various circuit interconnections have not beenshown in FIGS. 3A/3B.

In the event a power failure should occur, the power supply 52 also iscoupled with a backup battery input shown at 82 in FIG. 3A. A universalbattery charger operated in conjunction with the microcontroller 30 andthe power supply 52 is employed, so that in the event there is a failureof the alternating current input at 50, the battery input at 82continues to operate through the power supply 52 to the microcontroller30 and other circuit components to maintain operation of the system.

The sensor circuits 32, 34, 36B and 38B are illustrated diagrammaticallyin FIG. 3B. All of these sensors include identical circuitry, operatedin response to the respective sensed condition to supply an outputsignal to the controller 30. Consequently, it is possible to operate thesystem with a sensing of all of the various parameters which have beendescribed in conjunction with FIG. 1A, or less than all of them.Whichever system is employed, however, the overall operation withrespect to the manner in which the signal is supplied from the sensor tothe controller 30 is the same. Each of the sensors 32, 34, 36B and 38Bincludes a circuit for sensing the interconnection of contacts, such asthe contacts described above in conjunction with the leak sensor 32, orwith the temperature activated switch 36A, or the power sensor element38A to supply a signal to the integrated circuit sensor block 32, 34,36B or 38B. If not all of the sensors shown in FIG. 1A are employed, theappropriate one or more of them may be eliminated. The operation of theremainder of the system, however, is unchanged from that describedabove.

The LED status indicator 60 also may be operated in conjunction with auser interface reset 10, as shown in FIG. 3A. Typically, the resetincludes a reset switch (not shown), which will provide a signal throughthe controller 30 to re-open the water supply valve 14 and to re-openthe gas/electric valve or switch 20 for the heat source of the watertank 10. The user reset also will operate through the microcontroller 30to reset the LED status indicator lamps to turn on the green lamp 62 andto turn off the red lamp 64. As indicated previously, however, if atemperature sensor bimetallic switch of the type shown in FIG. 2 isemployed, it also is necessary to replace the bimetallic sensor or thealarm condition sensed by the controller 30 will continue to persist,leaving the system in its alarm state of operation.

As shown in FIG. 3A, the system also may employ video cameras withbuilt-in sound chips 90, 92, 94 and 96 directed at the water heater orthe area surrounding the water heater for providing a monitoring signalto the controller 30 whenever the alarm condition sensed by themicrocontroller 30 is reached. Camera 90 (No. 1), for example, could bedirected to the area beneath the hot water tank to provide a visual andaudible indication of a water leak. Others of the cameras may bedirected to different regions around the water tank, or in the room inwhich it is located, to provide a visual and audible output indicativeof whatever area is being scanned by that particular camera. Normally,the cameras 90, 92, 94 and 96 are not turned on. Whenever an alarmcondition is sensed by the microcontroller 30, a signal is supplied tothe cameras from the microcontroller 30, through a video multiplexer100, to turn them on, or turn on the one associated with the particularalarm condition sensed by the microcontroller, depending upon theprogramming of the microcontroller 30. The video multiplexer 100 alsosupplies signals through a video amplifier 102 to a digitizer 104coupled to the microcontroller 30, which then receives the sound andvideo signals from the camera (or cameras) out of the group of cameras90, 92, 94 and 96 which has been turned on by the microcontroller 30.The signals from the cameras then are supplied to a video S-RAM 106 forstoring the signals temporarily. The video signals may be sent from themicrocontroller 30 through a 56K modem 68 to the phone jack 70 in themanner described previously for supplying telephone signals from themodem 68 through the phone jack 70.

FIG. 1B shows a second embodiment block diagram for monitoring andcontrolling water consumption in a water-based system. The embodimentshown is a motherboard for use in a system involving two basic circuitmodules, namely, the motherboard (circuit panel) and one or moreinterface modules (breakers) that optionally plug into the motherboard.The implementation of FIG. 1B can be accomplished using modular computeraided design (CAD) and modular computer aided manufacturing (CAM) designconcepts.

In the embodiment specifically shown in FIG. 1B, a motherboard designincludes single or dual microcontrollers, user interface, USB port forWeb/network interface, video interface, and provisions for sixteeninterface modules. One interface module acts as a main shut off valveand controls flow meter expansion connectors, power supply, sealedlead-acid battery backup with charger. Modular in design, the interfacemodule is based on two separate printed circuit boards (PCBs). Sixteeninterface modules are plugged into the motherboard.

Each interface module is connected to one or more water leak sensorsthat detect water leaks or levels, and to one or more control valvesused to control the associated water in feed. For example, a water leaksensor can be attached to a water heater and connected to an interfacemodule. A cutoff valve is attached to the water in feed of the waterheater and connected to the same interface module. The motherboardmicrocontroller monitors the water leak sensor. If the microcontrollerdetects a leak, it closes the control valve and issues an alarm. Aninterface module can also be used to monitor the level of water in suchitems as a swimming pool. A water level detector is attached to theswimming pool along with a control valve that controls the water in feedto the pool. When the microcontroller detects a low level condition, itopens the in control valve and adds water to the pool until the level isnormal.

Each interface module can operate with direct wire connection, to theN.O. (normally open) or N.C. (normally closed) valve and sensor.Individual interface modules can also transmit or receive wireless data,between the valve and sensor directly to the interface module. Theinterface modules can also be operated in a timed mode or sensor mode.This allows the user to set multiple on/off times for the controlvalves. This allows the system to control a lawn sprinkler, for example,on and off at any given time.

The system motherboard and control panel of FIG. 1B is a web appliance.It includes a standard 10-mega-byte Ethernet TCP/IP connection. Thisallows it to be connected to either a local area network (LAN) or a widearea network (WAN) such as the World Wide Web. The web connection isused for configuring the system via a remote PC connected to the samenetwork (LAN or WAN). It is also used to communicate alarm warnings tothose parties of interest via standard simple mail transfer protocol(SMTP) e-mail. Alarm e-mails can be sent to multiple addresses such asthe home, homeowner's office, a cell phone, or even the plumber.

The system also has the capability to host a web page on the Internet.This allows the owner or security service to monitor the status of allwater facilities in a home or business remotely. The web page can beconfigured to provide remote operation and control. That is, remotecommands can be issued by clicking controls on the web page. As anexample, the owner of a home could shut off the main water feedremotely.

The interface module supports a video uplink. It provides sixteenstandard RCA video input connectors, one for each interface module.Small low cost video cameras can be plugged in and aligned to show apicture of each water appliance. The alarm e-mail can be set up toinclude a JPEG video image as an attachment. The picture can be usedwithout the network interface. The motherboard provides a graphic vacuumfluorescent display (VFD) and a keypad. The display and keypad can beused to set up, configure, and operate the system even during powerfailures. A sealed lead-acid battery provides power for the systemduring a power failure. The motherboard includes an onboard buzzer tosignal alarm conditions. In addition, it provides a connection for oneor more external alarm buzzers. These can be located around the home orbusiness.

An interface module is shown in FIGS. 4 and 10 discussed below. Themotherboard is shown in FIGS. 5 and 11 discussed below.

There can be two versions of interface modules-plug-in or stand-alone.While the design of the circuitry can be identical for both versions,selective loading or placing of groups of parts (modules) on the printedcircuit board (PCB) varies from version to version during manufacturing.As an example, the stand-alone version includes a radio frequency (RF)transceiver allowing wireless communications with the motherboard. It isincluded, or CADed in the design of the stand-alone version circuitboard, but is not CADed (or added) on the plug-in version. The circuitryfor the input sensor on both versions supports various types of digitalor analog input sensors, including 24 vdc, 24 vac, 5 vdc, and/or 2.4 to3.2 vdc or vac voltage sensors.

Various kinds of sensors can be implemented in embodiments of thesystem, including, for instance, leak detectors, flow (volume) sensors,pressure sensors, temperature sensors, level detectors, optical sensors,ultrasonic sensors, and proximity sensors. The color of interfacemodules in the molded panel housing can be used to identify thecontrolled appliance, fixture, or other water-consuming device orsystem. For example, blue interface modules monitor toilets,dishwashers, washing machines, hot water tanks, ice makers, sinks,swimming pools, or spas, while green interface modules control lawnsprinklers. While the PCB is the same for each, using modular CAMtechniques, the circuitry for each type of input circuit is selectivelyloaded (installed or placed) on the circuit board as required for eachinterface module type.

In both versions of the interface module, the output is provided by asingle pole double throw (SPDT) relay. The off state of the interfacemodule can be jumper configured for normally open or normally closed. Aninterface module configured to detect leaks would use the normally open(N.O.) configuration, and close the relay (valve) during an alarmcondition (leak detected). An interface module configured to control alawn sprinkler would be normally closed, opening at a scheduled time toapply water, and closed after a programmed time period or volume hadbeen applied. Likewise, wherein the water-based system includes atank-less toilet, measurement and control of the water may be meteredwith a normally closed (N.C.) valve configuration, opening to applywater and closing thereafter for a programmed time period or volumedirected through the tank-less toilet system.

In one example implementation, a primary difference between thestand-alone version of the interface module and the plug-in version ofthe interface module is that the stand-alone version includes an onboardmicrocontroller and power supply. This allows it to operate without thesupport provided by the motherboard. The plug-in version does notinclude either the microcontroller or a power supply. The inputs andoutputs of the plug-in version are monitored/controlled by amicrocontroller on the motherboard. Power for the plug-in version isprovided by the power supplies found on the motherboard.

To provide consistency and familiarity, the motherboard, interfacemodules, and panel housing (see FIG. 11) resemble a traditionalelectrical circuit breaker panel found in a home or business. Themotherboard and each interface module protects a branch or area of thehome or business, offering protection from water/liquid based overloadsor malfunctions. A remote interface module can have its own modularhousing (see FIG. 10).

The layout of the motherboard and associated panel housing is much moresophisticated than that found in a traditional electrical circuitbreaker panel. The top of the panel is provided with a 256×64 dot matrixblue vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) surrounded by a number of keys(forming a keypad), the sum of which provide a user interface. The userinterface allows the user to configure and control many of the functionsand options available on the motherboard. Below the display are two rowsof eight interface modules. Wires to the inputs and outputs for eachinterface module run out of the bottom of the unit to the appropriatesensor or valve. Alternatively or additionally, configuration offunctions and options can occur from an external computer (e.g., alaptop) connected to the motherboard via a USB port provided on themotherboard.

The system provides for virtually unlimited system expansion of thenumber of devices protected. The initial motherboard (as referred to asthe master motherboard) provides protection for sixteen devices,appliances or systems. Some devices may require two or more interfacemodules for full protection. As an example, if the protected device hasboth hot and cold water in feeds, two interface modules would berequired to protect the device. Additional expansion is accomplished bysimply adding additional expansion motherboards (known as slavemotherboards) to the system. In an embodiment, each interface module canbe interfaced with two or more valves. For instance, an interface modulecan be interfaced with each in feed valve (hot and cold) of a device tobe protected. If a sensor interfaced with the module indicates a problemcondition, both in feed valves can be shut off.

In an embodiment, each expansion motherboard provides protection fortwenty-four additional devices. One hundred slave motherboards may beadded to a system. Thus, 2400 additional devices can be protected in thesystem when fully expanded. The master motherboard communicates with andcontrols slave motherboards via a private controller area network (CAN)bus. Multiple systems may be connected via a local area networkconnection. This gives the system a 1 to N correspondence. That is, asingle sensor can determine the action of N number of valves. Thesimplest example is a device with both hot and cold water in feeds. Onesensor can control the two valves needed to stop water flow to thatdevice.

The system is based on state of the art microcontrollers, which are infact complete computers on a chip, or system(s) on a chip (SoC). Themicrocontroller is completely programmable, allowing new features andfunctionality to be added at any time, in the field via the Internet.When this feature is combined with the hardware expansion capabilitiesdescribed previously, the system has virtually unlimited expansioncapability.

A graphical user interface (GUI) provides operational information to theuser. The display presents real-time display of system status, alarmconditions, configuration options, network (web) status, and powerstatus. The status of each interface module is displayed for a setperiod of time, one after the other. As an example, if the display timeis set for one second, then the status of each interface module isdisplayed for one second before moving on to the next interface modulein line. The user interface also provides a number of keys, allowing theuser to set the configuration and operation of each interface module, aswell as various operational parameters of the motherboard. Other displayoptions allow viewing of the status of various interface moduleparameters for all sixteen interface modules in a system in a singlegraphic screen format. Accordingly, the malfunction of, e.g., a valvecoil or the like, will be informed through the interface module of thesystem. In an embodiment, the system is programmed to detect reducedcurrent flow or an open circuit, which are indicative of amalfunctioning coil. Such a malfunction can be indicated, for instance,with a yellow LED.

The graphical user interface thus indicates, for example, when theblowout valve in the hot water tank is inoperable, to permit the user toreplace the failed valve rather than the entire water tank. The reasonfor the water tank failure would be indicated separately, for instance,from identifying leaks and the like, which would require replacement ofthe tank itself. Failure information relating to components of a lawnsprinkler system can be similarly indicated by the user interface.

The interface module provides a TCP/IP based 10Base-T Ethernetinterface. This interface by default supports DCHP protocol for dynamicIP addressing. An interface module master may be connected to either alocal area network (LAN, a private network found in the home or company)or a WAN (Wide Area network) such as the Internet (World Wide Web). Inaddition to visual and audible warnings (internal and optional externalbuzzers and lights), an email alarm warning can be sent to one or moreemail addresses programmed by the user. As an example, the home user mayprogram an interface module to send an alarm email to the user's office,home, cell phone and plumber. A commercial user can send emails to keymanagement and/or maintenance personnel.

The interface module can receive emails. A text template is includedwith the system, and information associated with each applianceconnected to the system can be graphically displayed. In particular, themain panel can display streaming text along with graphics, such as apictorial representation of a component that has failed (e.g., atoilet). The user can edit the template and email it to his/herinterface module to configure it. An interface module can be configureddirectly at the motherboard panel housing using input buttons, or from acomputer via a USB port provided on the motherboard.

The interface module can be used to host (serve) a web page. This modeof operation is provided to allow security companies that normallymonitor homes and businesses for break-ins, to monitor all waterappliances from their central office. The web page provides Javaapplets, which allows remote control of the system. As an example, thesecurity service or water company can issue a (password protected)command to close the main water in feed valve.

The interface module provides both physical and battery (power) backupfor a power failure.

Physical backup holds the state of the valves in the event of a systemfailure. This is accomplished with latching relays. Once the relay isturned on, it will hold its state indefinitely until reset. As long aspower is available, the valve(s) will be closed or open depending ontheir programmed functions. In an embodiment, each valve has a manualoverride function to enable a valve to be closed or opened irrespectiveof the control signals being provided by an interface module.

The battery backup provided by the interface module allows the system tooperate normally during a power failure (optional battery packs allowlonger protection). This protection allows interface modules to continueto monitor, control, and warn interested parties of a failure.

The interface module provides total, selective, configurable,protection. One sensor can be assigned to protect one or more devices,each with one or more valves. Multiple sensors can be configured toprotect a single device with one or more valves.

Support for water appliances is virtually unlimited. Any device withwater in feed or out feed can be protected and/or controlled. Thisincludes, but is not limited to, water heaters, air conditioners,laundry and dish washing machines, toilets, tank-less toilets, icemakers, sinks, spa, swimming pool, sprinkler system, water meters, etc.In a tank-less toilet water-based system or lawn sprinkler system, forexample, the water may be metered to apply water, closing thereafter fora programmed time period or volume directed through the respectivesystem.

An interface module can be configured to monitor for leaks, controlliquid levels or time the application of liquids. Examples includemonitoring the bath tub, water heater, dishwasher, clothes washer,toilets, sinks and icemaker for leaks, controlling the water level inthe spa, swimming pool, and bath tub, and timing the lawn sprinkleron/off times. Water amounts may be monitored by time or volume, such as,for example, to check whether the water company correctly read the meterand whether the lawn or the tree line on the south side of the house wassufficiently or excessively watered. Many cities do not like to see lawnsprinklers with water run-off and fine residents for excessive waterusage during a period of water shortage or drought. Interface modulescan be configured to deliver an exact amount of water by the gallon. Ina water-based system that includes a tank-less toilet, embodimentsherein can limit water consumption by controlling the water flow timeperiod and/or volume directed through the tank-less toilet system.

With reference to FIG. 4, the stand-alone interface module circuitry isbased on a state-of-the-art microcontroller, such as a Cygnal IntegratedProducts C8051F310 device 111. The F310 is an 8-bit device with an 8051family central processing unit (CPU) operating at 25 mhz, requiring aslittle as one clock cycle per instruction and instruction cycle time of40 nanoseconds. This means the device is capable of executing a singleinstruction in 40 ns, or 25 million instructions per second (MIPS).Seventy percent of the instruction set operates with one clock cycle.The balance requires two, three, or four clock cycles. The deviceincludes sixteen megabytes of FLASH program memory for storing thecontrol (application) program and non-volatile data and 1280 bytes ofrandom access memory (RAM) for temporary data storage. A total of 29Input/Output port pins are provided. That means that 29 input and/oroutput signals can be connected to the device.

Three different serial port protocols are supported (availableconcurrently): 1) a standard 9-bit serial port (UART) compatible with PCCOMM Ports; 2) a system management bus (SMBus) compatible with the SMBusfound on many PC motherboards used to control a variety of devices foundon the board; 3) a serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus used to controladditional peripheral devices on a given system. Additional peripheraldevices found on the device include 4 timer/counters, 5 programmablecounter arrays, 10-bit analog to digital converters with 21 channels,voltage comparators, reset manager, software watchdog, brownoutdetector, missing clock detector, and an internal clock oscillatoraccurate to 2% and a real time clock. The F310 includes a JTAG interface112. This provides support for a built-in in-circuit emulator (ICE) fordirect program debugging (no expensive external ICE needed), programcode download (programming) and boundary layer scanning (for devicetesting during manufacturing).

When configured as a plug-in version, the interface module includes anexpansion connector 113. Many of the control signals used by the onboardmicrocontroller on the stand-alone version are routed to this connector.This allows a microcontroller found on the motherboard to monitor andcontrol plug-in interface modules in the same manner as the onboardmicrocontroller on a stand-alone interface module.

These signals include the user reset switch 114 used to reset an alarmcondition. An opto-isolated sensor input 115 provides the real-timestate of the attached input sensor. The voltage used to power theopto-isolator is jumper configurable to allow a wide range of digitalsensors to be used with an interface module. Two jumpers 116, 126 allowthe voltage to be set to either 24 vac or 5 vdc. An amplifier 117 isused to detect current flow in the valve control circuit. This allowsthe system to detect and report a valve coil failure. The sensor inputand valve output are routed to a four position, screw terminal block118. The external sensor and valve are attached to the interface moduleat this connector. An alarm buzzer 120 is found on the stand-aloneversion, driven by a PNP transistor driver 119. The plug-in version doesnot support it. Instead, a single buzzer is found on the motherboard. Inaddition, four external buzzers or warning lights can be attached to thesystem (see the motherboard circuit description to follow).

A relay is used to drive the valve output 123. The relay is a latchingrelay. Two control drivers 121 are incorporated in the design, one tolatch the relay and one to reset the relay. The latching relay can beconfigured to provide either 24 vac or 24 vdc, to allow the use ofeither an AC or DC valve set by two jumpers 122, 125. The latching relayhas one pole and two contacts. One is normally open and the other isnormally closed. A jumper allows the default state of the output to beset to either normally open or normally closed. Two status LEDs 130 arefound on each interface module. A blue LED flashes to indicate a normaloperational state. A red LED will flash during an alarm state.

Additional support circuitry includes a resettable PTC fuse 127 on theAC input. This device opens (trips) if the current flow reaches apredetermined level. A 5 vdc voltage regulator 128 and a +3.3 vdcregulator 129 form an onboard power supply for the stand-alone versionof the interface module (not used on the plug-in version).

One optional circuit is found on the stand-alone version only. A radiofrequency transceiver 131 operates at 912 Mhz. It is used to allowwireless operation of a stand-alone interface module within 300 feetfrom a motherboard.

As shown in FIG. 5, the motherboard is a very high integration designprovided by no less then ten microcontrollers. At the heart of the boardis a master microcontroller 141, such as a Cygnal Integrated Productmicrocontroller, C8051F042. This device is a parent to the F310 deviceused on the stand-alone interface module. It incorporates the same 25MIPS 8051 central processing unit (CPU)-with JTAG interface 142 as foundon the F310. It also includes all the features and peripherals found onthe F310 plus a large number of additional features. These includeexpanded onboard FLASH program memory (64K bytes total), expanded randomaccess memory (RAM) (4352 bytes), a larger number of input/output portpins (64 total), a controller area network (CAN) protocol serial port,an additional PC compatible COMM port (UART), an additional timer and anadditional 8-bit analog to digital converter. The F042 also incorporatesan external expansion bus, which allows further memory and peripheralexpansion off-chip.

Nine slave microcontrollers are found on the motherboard. The first is aspecial purpose microcontroller module 143. Referred to as the networkslave, it is designed to provide a TCP/IP based, 10 base-T Ethernetinterface, allowing direct connection to a local (LAN) or wide (WAN)area network. It includes 256K of FLASH and 128K of RAM memory onboard.It also incorporates a slave port. This port is connected directly tothe master F042 microcontroller's external expansion bus, allowingbi-directional communication between the two microcontrollers. Themaster sends warning messages across the slave bus (which includes thenetwork address of the recipient) to the network slave, which in turnmanages the TCP/IP stack protocol needed to send email warnings over theInternet. Incoming emails are passed to the master via the slave port aswell. The network slave also can be configured to serve a Web statuspage. The basic web page is retained in the network slave. The dynamicdata representing the current real-time status of the system is sent tothe network slave across the slave port. The network slave collates thedata and places it on the page, serving it to requesting web clients. Akey purpose of the network slave is to manage web based traffic.

In addition to the sixteen plug-in interface modules directly supportedon the motherboard, an additional 256 remote interface modules can bemonitored and controlled by a motherboard. This is accomplished using aradio frequency (RF) link, or network. A FCC part 68 certified RFtransceiver 144 is an option available on the motherboard. Operating ata frequency of 912 Mhz, a band of frequencies is set aside for amongother things, process control and monitoring, and remote interfacemodules can be situated as far away as 300 feet.

Each motherboard incorporates a controller area network 145, known inthe industry as “CAN.” It is an intelligent, bi-directional, collisiondetection, serial communication protocol, commonly used in industrialautomation and automotive control applications. The system uses it tolink multiple motherboards together to form large systems used incommercial applications.

To allow time/date stamping of alarm warnings, the motherboardincorporates a real time clock/calendar 146. The device includes batterybackup to retain current time and date during power failures.

In FIGS. 6A-6D, eight additional slave microcontrollers or module slaves149 are found on the motherboard. Each is a Cygnal Integrated ProductsC8051F310, the same device used on the stand-alone interface module.Each interface module slave monitors two plug-in interface modules 150in real-time. Each interface module slave communicates with the mastervia the SMBus. When an alarm condition on any one plug-in interfacemodule is detected, the status is reported to the master. It should benoted that, in the depicted embodiment, the circuitry is the same forall eight interface module slaves 154, 160.

In FIG. 7, a single buzzer 161 is provided on the motherboard. Itprovides an audible warning of an alarm condition. Four external alarmoutputs 165 are available on the motherboard. Four external buzzers,bells, sirens or warning lights may be remotely located within theboundaries of an installation.

Two master status LEDs 164 are provided on the motherboard. Theyduplicate the functionality of the status and warning LEDs found on astand-alone interface module. A blue status LED flashes during normaloperation. A red warning LED flashes during an alarm condition.

The motherboard provides a user interface to allow its operation to beconfigured. A large blue 256 pixel by 64 pixels vacuum fluorescentdisplay (VFD) 162 provides graphic information on the current status ofthe system. Twelve keys 163 form a keypad allowing the user to configurethe system. Alternatively or additionally, the motherboard can beconfigured via an onboard USB port.

In FIG. 8, 24 vac power is supplied to the motherboard by a screwterminal 166. A full wave bridge rectifier 168 converts the 24 vac to 24vdc. A relay circuit 169 is used by the master to switch the inputvoltage supply from the 24 vac to 24 vdc battery backup. Two voltageregulators, one 5 vdc and the other 3.3 vdc, form a power supply topower the circuitry found on the motherboard. This includes power for 16interface modules. The master monitors the power supply voltages 172 fornormal operation. Voltages outside allowable tolerances generate analarm condition.

In FIG. 9, the motherboard provides 24 vdc and/or 24 vac battery backupfor the complete system. This is provided by two 12 vdc sealed lead-acid30 amp/hr batteries connected in series (24 vdc). An onboard charger 174maintains a charge on the batteries. The master microcontroller monitorsand controls the operation of the charger. This includes monitoring thecharge/discharge current 173, the battery voltage 172, and the currentstatus of the charge cycle 176. The charger can be configured for anumber of different battery configurations 177, 178.

In other embodiments of the invention, systems herein can be configuredto automatically cycle valves on a periodic (e.g., scheduled) and/or adhoc basis. N.O. valves typically are cycled from on to off and back toon, whereas N.C. valves are cycled from off to on and back to off. Forinstance, at timed intervals (e.g., once every thirty days, once everyfourteen days, or on the fifth and nineteenth day of a calendar month),the water supply to tank toilets can be automatically shut off and thenturned back on. Such cycling can act as a test to determine whethervalves in the system are working properly. Moreover, by counteractingcorrosion and other problems associated with infrequent use of valves,such cycling can significantly extend the life of valves in the system,reducing the need for maintenance, repairs, and replacement andassociated costs and down-time.

In a particular embodiment, the system maintains a clock and calendarand a schedule, such as via a control program. The program operates allor selected valves in accordance with the logic of the program andconsistent with any configured settings by which a user specifies valvesto be cycled, cycling intervals, cycling calendar days, cycling clocktimes, etc. It is to be appreciated that the program can take any of anumber of forms consistent with the needs of a user and within theframework of the system. In an example implementation, the valves arecycled at a fixed interval of approximately thirty days. The cyclingoperations for a given valve can be performed as quickly as possible toensure that normal flow functions are only interrupted for a minimaltime period. Additionally, cycling can be programmed to occur duringtimes of low system usage (e.g., during non-business hours, hours inwhich residents are at work or asleep, etc.).

In other embodiments, a given valve is not cycled if its associatedliquid sensor valves are closed, thus indicating a fluid leak.Alternatively or additionally, selected valves in the system, includingthe main shut off valve and/or the valves connected to respectiveinterface modules, can be cycled individually one at a time.

If desired, an interface module can be configured such that, responsiveto a control signal, the interface module causes the control valve tocycle from an original position (e.g., closed) to its complementaryposition (e.g., open) and back to the original position. As such, thecontrol program described above need only transmit one control signal tothe interface module at periodic or ad hoc times when cycling isrequired.

Moreover, in other embodiments, an interface module can be used in astand-alone manner at, for example, an appliance. The interface modulehas an onboard timer to cycle a valve on and off (or vice versa) at apredetermined interval and/or responsive to a user input. Such aninterface module can have wide application in settings whereinstallation of a system is deemed impracticable, unnecessary, or toocostly, such as in older dwellings or commercial buildings.

FIG. 12 shows a flow diagram of a process 1200 according to anembodiment of the invention. The process 1200 can be implemented, forexample, in connection with the embodiments described above. Task T1210configures a cycling schedule that defines when and/or which valve(s)are to be cycled. The configuration can include receiving input from auser, such as via a mouse. Task T1220 monitors a clock and/or calendar,which can be maintained by component(s) of a system. Task T1230transmits control signal(s) to cycle valve(s) consistent with theconfigured cycling schedule.

In other embodiments of the invention, systems herein can be configuredto provide additional safeguards. For instance, the system can monitorthe status of multiple interface modules (breakers). If more than apredetermined number of breakers in the system are triggered within apredetermined period, then an alarm condition is registered, the mainfluid supply valve is optionally shut off, and one more notifications(e.g., e-mail, voice, pager, fax, visual, audible, etc.) are optionallysent or activated.

In an example configuration, if more than four breakers are triggeredsimultaneously or within five minutes of each other, the systemoverrides the respective breakers and shuts off the main water supplyvalve, sending an alarm e-mail to parties that need to be notified. Themaster panel (see, e.g., FIGS. 10 and 43) indicates which breakers havebeen triggered by flashing associated red LEDs.

FIG. 13 shows a flow diagram of a process 1300 according to anembodiment of the invention. The process 1300 can be implemented, forexample, in connection with the embodiments described above or below.Task T1310 defines a triggered breakers threshold, which can be avariable or static number that defines a maximum acceptable number oftriggered breakers. Task T1320 initializes a triggered breakers counterto 0. Task T1330 determines whether a breaker has been triggered. Ifnot, task T1330 is repeated. If a breaker has been triggered, thetriggered breakers counter is incremented by task T1340. Task T1350 thendetermines whether the triggered breakers counter exceeds the triggeredbreakers threshold. If not, the process returns to task T1330. If so,task T1360 shuts off the main water supply valve associated with thesystem. It is to be appreciated that the logic of the process 1300 canbe implemented in various ways, and that the process 1300 can bemodified to include timing logic (e.g., a watchdog timer) that considerswhether a predetermined number of breakers have been triggered within apredetermined period.

In another embodiment, remote interface modules only interface with asensor, but are not interfaced with a control valve. If a remoteinterface module is tripped (i.e., a problem condition is sensed), thenthe main controller shuts off the main water supply of the system.

FIGS. 14-42 present alternative embodiments of the invention. Thesystems and devices presented in FIGS. 14-42 relate to an architecturethat is streamlined in certain respects relative to some of theembodiments above and that can be manufactured more cost effectively.Some of the differences are highlighted in the below discussion. It isto be appreciated that one or more aspects of the embodiments of FIGS.14-42 can be incorporated in the embodiments above and vice versa.Moreover, the specific implementation details described and depicted areprovided herein by way of example.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a main controller 1400 for monitoring andcontrolling fluid (e.g., water) consumption according to an embodimentof the invention. The main controller 1400 can be implemented, forexample, as a motherboard, such as that described above in connectionwith FIG. 1 or other embodiments. The block diagram of FIG. 14 issimilar in certain respects to the block diagram of FIG. 1B.

The main controller 1400 includes a number of functional blocks,including a UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) block1405, a main CPU and control logic block 1410, a user interface block1415, an Ethernet interface block 1420, a modem interface block 1425, anRF receiver block 1430, a breaker connectors block 1435, a powersupplies block 1440, a USB communication block 1445, a slave panelcommunication block 1450, a main valve control circuits block 1455, aflow meter circuits block 1460, and an auxiliary relay circuits block1465.

As compared with the FIG. 1B embodiment above, the main controller 1400does not include a battery charger or a video uplink. The modeminterface block 1425 includes a 2400 baud modem, which provides for analternate method of sending e-mail using SMTP (Simple Mail TransferProtocol), as well as the ability to call an alarm monitoring station toreport an alarm. The web page interface of the main controller 1400 isaccessible only from a LAN. The flow meter circuits block 1460 includesflow meter interface circuits for two flow meters. In addition, thebreaker connectors block 1435 supports a maximum of sixteen breakers(interface modules), and the slave panel (motherboard) communicationblock 1450 supports a maximum of twenty-four breakers. Further, the maincontroller 1400 supplies power to interface modules via the powersupplies block 1440. The main controller 1400 also reads the breakers,which determine many of their own functions. For instance, a breaker canclose a valve if a problem condition is sensed, and the main controller1400 reads the status of the breaker. A slave motherboard (not shown) issimilar to the main controller 1400, but includes eight additionalbreaker connectors, and unused circuits are removed. In an embodiment,slave motherboards each have their own power supply, which can be aplug-in power supply, and do not rely on the main controller 1400 forpower. Additionally, slave motherboards can wirelessly operate onindependent RF frequencies to communicate with the motherboard and/orinterface modules.

The main CPU and control logic block 1410 can employ, for example, aNetSilicon NS7520 as the main processor. The NS7520 is a 32-bitARM7-based RISC processor with a core processor based on the ARM7 TDMIprocessor that provides 28 address and 32 data lines. The processor usesa Vonn Neumann architecture in which a single 32-bit data bus conveysboth instructions and data. In the example design of FIG. 14, a 32-bitdata bus is used for FLASH and SDRAM memory, and an 8-bit data bus forexternal peripherals. The main processor is clocked at 36 MHz using an18.432 MHz external crystal oscillator. Two ST MicroelectronicsM29V800DB70N6 512k×16 FLASH memories are used to provide nonvolatileprogram memory and to provide storage for system settings. On power-up,the microcontroller boots from FLASH memory and copies the program fromFLASH memory into SDRAM. The microcontroller executes the program fromSDRAM. Two Micron MT48LC4M16A2TG-75 4M×16 133 MHz SDRAMs are providedfor program memory execution and volatile variable storage. A XilinxXC95144XL-10TQ144 is used to provide address decoding for the externalperipherals and implements external digital input buffers and outputlatches.

The user interface block 1415 is used to monitor and control the system.The user interface block 1415 includes push buttons (keys) and an LCDdisplay with a resolution of 240 by 128 pixels. The display is used intext and/or graphics mode and provides 40 columns by 16 lines ofcharacter data using a 5 by 7 dot character size. Configuration of thesystem is performed using a PC and one or more web pages, as describedabove.

The slave panel communication block 1450 provides an interface by whichthe motherboard can communicate with 50 slave panels (motherboards)using RS-485 multi-drop communication.

The RF receiver block 1430 includes a UHF receiver configured for asingle channel at a fixed frequency of 433.92 MHz using Amplitude ShiftKeying (ASK) modulation. The RF channel is used to receive messages fromremote sensor modules.

The USB communication block 1445 includes a half-duplex RS-232 to USBbridge, which provides a USB interface for the main controller 1400.From the PC side, the USB interface complies with the HID (HumanInterface Device) USB class protocols. The bridge interface permits amaximum transfer of 800 bytes per second using a low-speed USB device.The USB port optionally can be used to configure the system from a PC.

FIGS. 15-31 are circuit diagrams showing example implementations ofvarious blocks of the main controller 1400 of FIG. 14. The diagrams aredrawn and labeled consistent with the art.

FIG. 15 shows example circuitry 1500 for the power supplies block 1440.

FIGS. 16-20 show example circuitry 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, and 2000 forthe main CPU and control logic block 1410. Specifically, FIG. 16 showsthe address and data connections associated with the main CPU; FIG. 17shows the power, ground, GPIO (general purpose input output), andEthernet connections associated with the main CPU; FIG. 18 shows theSDRAM and FLASH memories; FIG. 19 shows bus transceivers; and FIG. 20shows CPLD (complex programmable logic device) programmable logic.

FIG. 21 shows example circuitry 2100 for the Ethernet interface block1420. FIG. 22 shows example circuitry 2200 for the UART block 1405 andthe slave panel communication block 1450.

FIGS. 23 and 24 show example circuitry 2300, 2400 for the user interfaceblock 1415. Specifically, FIG. 23 shows circuitry related to the LCDdisplay, and FIG. 24 shows circuitry for the alarm buzzer, LEDs, andpush button circuits.

FIG. 25 shows example circuitry 2500 for the modem interface block 1425.

FIG. 26 shows example circuitry 2600 for the RF receiver block 1430.

FIG. 27 shows example circuitry 2700 for the USB communication block1445.

FIG. 28 shows example circuitry 2800 for the main valve control circuitsblock 1455 and the flow meter circuits block 1460.

FIG. 29 shows example circuitry 2900 for the auxiliary relay circuitsblock 1465.

FIGS. 30 and 31 show example circuitry 3000, 3100 for the breakerconnectors block 1435.

FIGS. 32-36 are circuit diagrams of an example implementation of aninterface module (also referred to as breaker board or breaker). Thediagrams are drawn and labeled consistent with the art. Theimplementation shown in FIGS. 32-36 is similar in certain respects tothe implementation of an interface module shown in FIG. 4 and describedabove. However, in the implementation of FIGS. 32-36, relays on theinterface module are not latched. In addition, flow meter monitoring isnot performed on the interface module, but instead on the motherboard.

In particular, FIG. 32 shows example circuitry 3200 for connectors ofthe interface module, including card edge, valve and sensor, anddebug/programming connectors. FIG. 33 shows example circuitry 3300 forthe microcontroller of the interface module. FIG. 34 shows examplecircuitry 3400 for the valve interface of the interface module. FIG. 35shows example circuitry 3500 for the sensor interface of the interfacemodule. FIG. 36 shows example circuitry 3600, including circuitry forthe push button and LEDs of the interface module.

In an embodiment, an interface module includes a push button resetswitch that when depressed causes a valve interfaced to the interfacemodule to re-open (or re-close). The reset switch also can be used as atest switch to test operation of the interface module and associatedvalve(s). Resetting of the reset switch on the breaker resets associatedLEDs. For instance, a blue lamp is turned on, and a red lamp is turnedoff.

The architecture of the system is such that special purpose interfacemodules (breakers) can be designed for respective appliances. The maincontroller 1400 can be programmed to interface with such interfacemodules to control and monitor the appliances. For instance, a categoryof so-called “blue” interface modules monitors toilets, dishwashers,washing machines, hot water tanks, ice makers, sinks, swimming pools, orspas. Similarly, a category of “green” interface modules controls lawnsprinklers (e.g., turns the sprinklers on and then off based on time,quantity released per gallon per valve, etc.). The main controller 1400can be programmed to read each interface module in real time anddetermine the intended application thereof. In an exampleimplementation, an interface module can be configured to remotely readan individual water flow meter installed in each unit of an apartmentbuilding, and can be controlled to regulate the quantities of waterusage per unit.

FIGS. 37-42 are circuit diagrams of an example implementation of aremote interface module (also referred to as remote sensor board). Thediagrams are drawn and labeled consistent with the art. The remoteinterface module is similar in some respects to the stand-aloneinterface module described above. Additionally, the remote interfacemodule is similar to the interface modules of FIGS. 32-36. However, theremote interface module includes a UHF transmitter (see FIG. 40) towirelessly send alarm messages to the motherboard. The remote interfacemodule operates in wired or wireless mode, plugs into a wall outlet, andhas a battery backup unit. The remote interface module can be connecteddirectly to a valve. When an alarm condition is detected, the remoteinterface module can wirelessly communicate with the main controller.

Specifically, FIG. 37 shows example circuitry 3700 for connectors of theremote interface module, including the battery connector, valve andsensor connector, and in-circuit serial programming connector. FIG. 38shows example circuitry 3800 for power supply circuits of the remoteinterface module. FIG. 39 shows example circuitry 3900, includingcircuitry for the learn push button and low battery circuit of theremote interface module. FIG. 40 shows example circuitry 4000 for themicrocontroller and ASK transmitter of the remote interface module. FIG.41 shows example circuitry 4100 for the valve interface of the remoteinterface module. FIG. 42 shows example circuitry 4200 for the sensorinterface of the remote interface module.

FIG. 43 shows a perspective view of a panel housing 4300 for amotherboard that receives a plurality of interface modules. FIG. 44shows front and side views of the panel housing 4300 of FIG. 43. Asshown, the panel housing 4300 exposes a main valve on/off button 4310,additional buttons 4320, an LCD display 4330, and breaker switches 4340.Depressing of the main valve on/off button 4310 opens and closes themain valve in a toggled manner. The additional buttons 4320 can includean Increment, Decrement, Escape, and Enter button. The additionalbuttons 4320 can be used, for example, to allow a user to navigatethrough screens of an event log displayed on the LCD display 4330. Thebreaker switches 4340 are associated with interface modules plugged inthe motherboard.

FIG. 45 shows a perspective view of a housing 4500 for a remoteinterface module. The housing 4500 exposes a push button 4510 that isdepressed to open and close the valve to which the remote interfacemodule is connected in a toggled manner.

FIG. 46A shows a system 4600 involving a climate control unit accordingto an embodiment of the invention. As used herein, the term climatecontrol unit encompasses air or water heating or cooling systems anddevices, as well as other systems and devices that need not be active orcan be active at other (e.g., reduced) levels when occupants are notpresent in a structure. The system 4600 is an example implementation inwhich a sensed parameter of a water-based system is used toadvantageously affect operation of other systems or devices. The system4600 includes a controller 4610, a thermostat 4620, a remote interfacemodule 4630, a water flow sensor 4640, and a climate control unit 4650.In this embodiment, nonexistent or negligible water movement in one ormore water supply lines over time is used as an indicator that humanoccupants are not present, and as an energy and cost saving measure,heat or air conditioning service, a hot water tank, and/or anothersystem or device is automatically shut off or otherwise controlled.

The remote interface module 4630 interfaces with the water flow sensor4640, which provides information about water movement in a conduit of abuilding, such as a main water supply line to the building or a unitwithin the building. The remote interface module 4630 includes a switchor other suitable circuitry connected between a terminal of thethermostat 4620 (e.g., an ambient temperature thermostat) and acorresponding terminal of the climate control unit 4650. For instance, atwo set screw splice can be used between the remote interface module4630 and the thermostat 4620, and another can be used between the remoteinterface module 4630 and the climate control unit 4650. Alternatively,the remote interface module 4630 interfaces directly with the climatecontrol unit 4650 (not indirectly via the thermostat 4620) to interruptthe power supply to the climate control unit 4650.

The climate control unit 4650 can be an HVAC (heating, ventilating, airconditioning) unit, a dedicated heater, a dedicated air conditioner,humidifier, hot water tank, or other device.

The controller 4610 is installed in a breaker panel housing and canreceive interface modules corresponding to various components inwater-based and/or other systems. The remote interface module 4630 sendsstatus information to the controller 4610, and the controller 4610 sendscontrol signals to the remote interface module 4630. The statusinformation sent by the remote interface module 4630 can includeinformation about detected water flow.

In an embodiment, if water movement detected by the remote interfacemodule 4630 does not exceed a predetermined threshold over apredetermined period (e.g., 24 hours), then the controller 4610 sendscontrol signals to the remote interface module 4630 that cause theremote interface module 4630 to open the switch between the thermostat4620 and the climate control unit 4650. As such, power to the thermostat4620 is interrupted, and the climate control unit 4650 is shut down.

In other embodiments, which can be applied, for example, in settings inwhich a central climate control system pumps air to other locations, thefan associated with a location is shut off when the water flow ofassociated pipes is nonexistent or negligible for more than apredetermined period.

In an embodiment, the remote interface module 4630 or controller 4610 isconfigured to prevent the temperature from falling to (or rising to)unsafe temperatures, and the switch in the remote interface module 4630is closed and opened as necessary. For instance, in an embodiment, theremote interface module 4630 has an onboard temperature sensor, and canbe configured by the controller 4610 or via a web interface, to keep theabove switch closed to prevent the temperature from falling below aprogrammed temperature (e.g., 50 degrees). Accordingly, such anembodiment ensures that pipes do not freeze or burst. In a relatedembodiment, as shown in FIG. 46B, wherein the climate control unit 4650is in a location (e.g., in the basement) remote from the location to beheated or cooled, the location to be heated or cooled can have anotherremote interface module 4670 plugged into the wall, which has an RFtransmitter to transmit the ambient temperature to the controller 4610for control purposes.

In another embodiment, after the climate control unit 4650 is shut off,power is not restored to the climate control unit 4650 until a userpushes a reset button on the remote interface module 4630 or on anassociated interface module within the breaker panel housing.Alternatively or additionally, a web interface associated with theremote interface module 4630 can be used to reactivate the climatecontrol unit 4650.

In other embodiments, when detected water flow is insignificant over apredetermined time period, a notification is sent to an appropriateparty. For instance, insignificant water flow in a unit occupied by anelderly person may be indicative of a health emergency. Similarly,insignificant water flow in a unit of a detention facility may beindicative of a possible escapee situation.

FIG. 47 shows an example installation 4700 of an interface moduleaccording to an embodiment of the invention. The installation 4700includes an interface module 4710, a flow sensor 4720 (e.g., a flowmeter), and a control valve 4730. The control valve 4730 can beimplemented, for example, as a shut-off solenoid valve in a pipe. Theinterface module 4710, which can optionally be a remote interface moduleinstalled at a location remote from a controller (described below),receives sensor information from the flow sensor 4720, which can includeinformation indicative of water flow. The interface module 4710 sendscontrol information to the control valve 4730 to shut off or turn on thewater supply in the pipe. The interface module 4710 optionally caninclude a display to present the detected water flow to a user.

In an embodiment, installations like the installation 4700 arerespectively installed for each unit of a multiple-unit structure, suchas, for example, an apartment building, condominium or town homecomplex, hospital, or detention facility. As such, water consumption ofindividual units can be monitored and controlled on a centralized and/orautomated basis.

FIG. 48 shows a system 4800 incorporating multiple installations likethat of FIG. 47 according to an embodiment of the invention. The system4800 includes a controller 4810 and multiple installations 4700. Themultiple installations 4700 each communicate with the controller 4810.In the embodiment shown, each installation 4700 is associated with aparticular apartment in an apartment building and provides thecontroller 4800 with information on detected water flow. A user of thecontroller 4810, such as a manager, landlord, or agent thereof, can readthe flow consumption of each unit at the panel housing 4810 or via acomputer with a web browser. In addition, the user can take anynecessary control actions, such as directing particular interfacemodules 4710 to turn off the water supply to a unit when a tenant hasvacated or has been delinquent in paying rent or a water bill.Additionally, the user can shut off the water supply in the case of aleak in a unit, without affecting the water supply to other units andeffectively containing the leak to within as localized an area aspossible.

In an embodiment, the water company has access (e.g., password-protectedaccess) to the controller 4810, such as via a network connection.Accordingly, the water company can read the water consumption of eachunit in the structure and send bills (e.g., electronic bills) to theassociated tenants or to the landlord. Such an approach is not limitedto multi-unit structures, and can be applied to any kind of structure,such as a single-family home or business, to enable remote determinationof water consumption and efficient billing by a water utility.

FIG. 49 shows a front view of an example of a panel housing 4900 for anexpansion (slave) motherboard. As shown, the panel housing 4900 supportstwenty-four interface modules (breakers). Further, unlike the panelhousing of the main motherboard (see FIGS. 43 and 44), the panel housing4900 does not include an LCD display, a main valve on/off button, oradditional input buttons.

Some embodiments herein have been implemented by Liquid Breaker(Carlsbad, California). Embodiments herein can be implemented instructures located on land, such as, for example, houses, apartments,condominiums, town houses, hospitals, commercial buildings, militarybases, and detention facilities. It is to be appreciated that systemsherein are not limited in application to structures located on land, butcan also be implemented in structures such as boats or ships. Inaddition, it is to be appreciated that a controller and an associatedinterface module can be respectively located in different structuresprovided that suitable communication linkages (e.g., wired or wireless)are available.

The foregoing system is a comprehensive system for monitoring andcontrolling the safe operation of a system involving one or more fluids,such as water. Clearly, some components of the system may be employed inother environments than the one described previously. The foregoingdescription is to be considered as illustrative and not as limiting.Various other changes and modifications will occur to those skilled inthe art without departing from the true scope of the invention asdefined in the appended claims.

1. A system for monitoring and controlling water consumption, the systemcomprising: a controller configured to send control signals to controlat least one device in a water-based system; and an interface moduleconfigured to communicate with the controller, the interface modulebeing configured to receive, from a sensor, sensor informationindicative of a sensed condition in the water-based system, and to send,to a fluid control device, control signals to regulate water consumptionin the water-based system, and the interface module being configured tosend, to the controller, status information indicative of an operationalstatus in the water-based system.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein theinterface module is configured to wirelessly communicate with thecontroller.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller comprises amotherboard configured to receive the interface module.
 4. The system ofclaim 3, wherein the motherboard includes an information port forestablishing a computer network interface.
 5. The system of claim 4,wherein the interface module is configurable by a computer via theinformation port.
 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the interface moduleis operable to host an Internet website.
 7. The system of claim 3,wherein the motherboard and the received interface module are configuredto be installed within a panel housing.
 8. The system of claim 3,wherein the motherboard has a connection for electronic communicationwith one or more processors on other motherboards.
 9. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the controller is configured to maintain a schedule,and the control signals sent by the controller cause at least one fluidcontrol device in the water-based system to cycle in accordance with theschedule.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the interface module isconfigured to maintain a schedule, and the control signals sent by theinterface module cause the fluid control device to cycle in accordancewith the schedule.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller isconfigured to receive status information from a plurality of interfacemodules and to initiate at least one action if more than a predeterminednumber of interface modules send, within a predetermined period, statusinformation indicative of a particular operational status.
 12. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the particular operational status comprisesan indication of a closed valve.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein theat least one action includes shutting off a main supply line of thewater-based system.
 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensedcondition comprises water flow within a component of the water-basedsystem.
 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensed conditioncomprises pressure inside a component of the water-based system.
 16. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the fluid control device comprises a valve ina water supply line of a component of the water-based system.
 17. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the control signals cause the fluid controldevice to disconnect a water or energy source from the water-basedsystem.
 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the water-based system is ina residential or commercial structure and includes one or more of asink, toilet, dishwasher, washing machine, water heater, swimming pooland sprinkler.
 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the sending of controlsignals to the fluid control device is directed by the controller. 20.The system of claim 1, wherein the sending of control signals to thefluid control device is initiated by the interface module independent ofthe controller.
 21. The system of claim 1, wherein the interface moduleis configured to register an indication of a malfunction in a systemcomponent.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the system component is avalve coil.
 23. A method of monitoring and controlling waterconsumption, the method comprising: sending, by a controller, controlsignals to control at least one device in a water-based system;receiving, by an interface module, from a sensor, sensor informationindicative of a sensed condition in the water-based system; sending, bythe interface module, to a fluid control device, control signals toregulate water consumption in the water-based system; and sending, bythe interface module, to the controller, status information indicativeof an operational status in the water-based system.
 24. The method ofclaim 23, wherein the water-based system resides in a residential orcommercial structure and includes one or more of a sink, toilet,dishwasher, washing machine, water heater, swimming pool and sprinklersub-systems.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the status informationis wirelessly sent to the controller by the interface module.
 26. Themethod of claim 23, further comprising maintaining a schedule, andwherein the control signals sent by the controller cause at least onefluid control device in the water-based system to cycle in accordancewith the schedule.
 27. The method of claim 23, further comprisingreceiving, by the controller, status information from a plurality ofinterface modules and initiating at least one action if more than apredetermined number of interface modules send, within a predeterminedperiod, status information indicative of a particular operationalstatus.
 28. A system for monitoring and controlling water consumption,the system comprising: a controller configured to send control signalsto control at least one device in a water-based system, the controlsignals including a signal to shut off a main water supply line of thewater-based system; and an interface module configured to wirelesslycommunicate with the controller, the interface module being configuredto receive, from a sensor, sensor information indicative of a sensedcondition in the water-based system, the interface module beingconfigured to wirelessly send, to the controller, status informationindicative of an operational status in the water-based system, andwherein the controller is configured to send the control signals basedat least in part on the status information sent by the interface module.29. An interface module in a system for monitoring and controlling waterconsumption, the interface module comprising: a communications portionconfigured to provide communication with a controller, wherein theinterface module is configured to send, to the controller, statusinformation indicative of an operational status in a water-based system;a receiver configured to receive, from a sensor, sensor informationindicative of a sensed condition in the water-based system; and a senderconfigured to send, to a fluid control device, control signals toregulate water consumption in the water-based system.
 30. The interfacemodule of claim 29, wherein the communication with the controller iswireless.
 31. The interface module of claim 29, wherein thecommunication with the controller can selectively occur in a wirelessmode or a wired mode.
 32. The interface module of claim 29, furthercomprising a scheduler configured to maintain a schedule, and whereinthe control signals cause the fluid control device to cycle inaccordance with the schedule.
 33. The interface module of claim 29,wherein the interface module is adapted to be contained within a housingthat is mountable at locations remote from the controller.
 34. Theinterface module of claim 29, wherein the status information includes anindication of a malfunction in a system component.
 35. The interfacemodule of claim 34, wherein the system component is a valve coil.
 36. Amethod of monitoring and controlling water consumption, the methodcomprising: maintaining a schedule to define at least one predeterminedtime when a fluid control device in a water-based system is to beautomatically cycled; and automatically cycling the fluid control devicein accordance with the schedule.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein acontroller that is in communication with an interface module maintainsthe schedule.
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein an interface modulemaintains the schedule.
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the fluidcontrol device is automatically cycled on at least a monthly basis. 40.The method of claim 36, wherein the fluid control device comprises avalve in a water supply line of a component of the water-based system.41. A method of monitoring and controlling water consumption, the methodcomprising: detecting water flow in a component of a water-based systemof a structure; sending, to a controller, status information indicativeof an operational status in the water-based system; and controlling aclimate control unit of the structure based at least in part on thedetected water flow in the component.
 42. The method of claim 41,wherein the climate control unit comprises an HVAC unit.
 43. The methodof claim 41, wherein the climate control unit comprises a hot watertank.
 44. The method of claim 41, further comprising determining that apredetermined water flow threshold has not been exceeded within apredetermined time period.
 45. The method of claim 41, wherein thecontrolling comprises turning off the climate control unit.
 46. Themethod of claim 41, wherein the climate control unit is one among aplurality of climate control units in the structure.
 47. A system formonitoring and controlling water consumption, the system comprising: acontroller configured to send control signals to control at least onedevice in a water-based system of a structure; and an interface moduleconfigured to communicate with the controller, the interface modulebeing configured to receive, from a sensor, sensor informationindicative of detected water flow in a component of the water-basedsystem, and to interface with a climate control unit of the structure,the interface module being configured to send, to the controller, statusinformation indicative of an operational status in the water-basedsystem, and the interface module being configured to control the climatecontrol unit based at least in part on the detected water flow in thecomponent.
 48. The system of claim 47, wherein the interface modulecommunicates wirelessly with the controller.
 49. The system of claim 47,wherein the interface module interfaces with the climate control unitindirectly via a component associated with the climate control unit. 50.The system of claim 49, wherein the component associated with theclimate control unit is a thermostat.
 51. A system for monitoring andcontrolling water consumption in a multi-unit structure having awater-based system, the system comprising: a controller; and a pluralityof interface modules configured to communicate with the controller, thecontroller being configured to selectively send control signals to eachof the plurality of interface modules, each interface module beingconfigured to receive, from a respective sensor, sensor informationindicative of detected water flow in a component of the water-basedsystem of the structure, and to interface with a respective controlvalve that is operable to shut off a water supply to the component, thecomponent being associated with a unit of the structure, each interfacemodule being configured to send, to the controller, status informationincluding information indicative of the detected water flow in thecomponent, the detected water flow of each interface module beingreadable by a user of the system, and each interface module beingconfigured to control the respective control valve based at least inpart on input from a user.
 52. The system of claim 51, wherein thestructure is an apartment building, and the unit is an apartmenttherein.
 53. The system of claim 51, wherein at least one of theplurality of interface modules wirelessly communicates with thecontroller.
 54. The system of claim 51, wherein the detected water flowof each interface module is readable by a user via a web interface. 55.A method of monitoring and controlling water consumption in a buildinghaving a water-based system, the method comprising: remotely accessing acontroller in communication with an interface module of the building,the interface module configured to receive, from a sensor, sensorinformation indicative of detected water flow in a component of thewater-based system of the building, the interface module beingconfigured to send, to the controller, status information indicative ofthe detected water flow in the component; reading the detected waterflow of the interface module; and billing a user based at least in parton the detected water flow.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the useris billed electronically.